[Treatment of uretero-renal stones with shock wave lithotripsy. Results and complications with the dornier gemini emse 220f-XXP.] / Tratamiento de la litiasis reno-ureteral con litotricia extracorpórea con ondas de choque. Resultados y complicaciones con el equipo Dornier Gemini EMSE 220f-XXP.

OBJECTIVES: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is a minimally invasive therapeutic option for the treatment of renal-ureteral lithiasis. The aim of this study was to analyze the results and complications of shock wave extracorporeal lithotripsy treatment with the Dornier Gemini® Generator EMSE 220f-XXP device in patients with renal and ureteral lithiasis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective study including 377 patients with renal or ureteral lithiasis with indication for treatment with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. The following variables were analyzed, age, sex, body mass index, lithiasis size, lithiasis location, presence of urinary diversion, number of lithotripsy sessions, number of shock waves, fluoroscopy time, wave energy, applied focal energy coefficient, efficiency coefficient, lithiasic fragmentation, lithiasic clearance, residual lithiasis, presence of lithiasis and complications. The results were analyzed with SPSS 17.0 considering statistical significance p≤0.05. RESULTS: Of the 377 patients, 213 were men and 164 women, with a mean age of 51.28 ± 12.77 years. The mean size of the stones in maximum diameter was 11.77 ± 6.13 mm. Lithiasis fragmentation occurred in 81.9% of cases, with a percentage of residual lithiasis after the first session of 58.7% and a total or partial expulsion rate of lithiasis fragments of 68.3%, with global success at the end of sessions of lithotripsy of 69.8%. The overall Efficiency Ratio was 0.42, higher in upper calyx 0.51 and lower in medium calyx 0.35, with significant differences (p<0.05). The only differences were found in relation to the success of lithotripsy treatment (75% versus 64.6%, p=0.02), according to lithiasis size (≤10 mm maximum diameter in comparison to >10 mm). In patients with a DJ catheter there is a higher percentage of residual lithiasis (p=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with extracorporeal lithotripsy in small lithiasis and in well-selected patients obtains good results with a low rate of complications regardless of sex and body mass index.

OBJETIVOS: La litotricia extracorpórea por ondas de choque es una opción terapéutica mínimamente invasiva para el tratamiento de las litiasis reno-ureterales. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los resultados y complicaciones del tratamiento con litotricia extracorpórea con ondas de choque con el dispositivo de última generación Dornier Gemini® generador EMSE 220f-XXP en pacientes con litiasis renal y ureteral. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo en el que se incluyen 377 pacientes con litiasis renal o ureteral con indicación de tratamiento con litotricia extracorpórea con ondas de choque. Se analizan las siguientes variables que incluyen la edad, sexo, índice de masa corporal, tamaño litiásico, localización de la litiasis, presencia de derivación urinaria, número de sesiones de litotricia, número de ondas de choque, tiempo de escopia, energía de las ondas, coeficiente de energía focal aplicada, coeficiente de eficiencia, fragmentación litiásica, expulsión litiásica, litiasis residual, presencia de calle litiásica y complicaciones. Se analizan los resultados con programa SPSS 17.0 considerando significación estadística p≤0,05. RESULTADOS: De los 377 pacientes, 213 fueron hombres y 164 mujeres, con edad media 51,28 ± 12,77 años. El tamaño medio de las litiasis en diámetro máximo fue de 11,77 ± 6,13 mm. Se produce fragmentación de la litiasis en el 81,9% de los casos, con un porcentaje de litiasis residual tras la primera sesión de 58,7% y una tasa de expulsión total o parcial de fragmentos litiásicos del 68,3%, con un éxito global al finalizar las sesiones de litotricia del 69,8%. El Coeficiente de Eficiencia global fue de 0,42, más elevado en cáliz superior 0,51 y más bajo en cáliz medio 0,35, con diferencias significativas (pencontradas se observan según tamaño litiásico (≤10 mm de diámetro máximo con respecto a >10mm) en relación al éxito del tratamiento con litotricia (75% versus 64,6%, catéter DJ existe un mayor porcentaje de litiasis residual (p=0,006). CONCLUSIÓN: El tratamiento con litotricia extracorpórea en litiasis de pequeño tamaño y en pacientes bien seleccionados obtiene buenos resultados con un bajo índice de complicaciones independientemente del sexo y del índice de masa corporal.

Tratamiento de la litiasis reno-ureteral con litotricia extracorpórea con ondas de choque. Resultados y complicaciones con el equipo Dornier Gemini EMSE 220f-XXP / Treatment of uretero-renal stones with shock wave lithotripsy. Results and complications with the dornier gemini emse 220f-XXP

Objetivos: La litotricia extracorpórea por ondas de choque es una opción terapéutica mínimamente invasiva para el tratamiento de las litiasis reno-ureterales. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los resultados y complicaciones del tratamiento con litotricia extracorpórea con ondas de choque con el dispositivo de última generación Dornier Gemini(R) generador EMSE 220f-XXP en pacientes con litiasis renal y ureteral. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo en el que se incluyen 377 pacientes con litiasis renal o ureteral con indicación de tratamiento con litotricia extracorpórea con ondas de choque. Se analizan las siguientes variables que incluyen la edad, sexo, índice de masa corporal, tamaño litiásico, localización de la litiasis, presencia de derivación urinaria, número de sesiones de litotricia, número de ondas de choque, tiempo de escopia, energía de las ondas, coeficiente de energía focal aplicada, coeficiente de eficiencia, fragmentación litiásica, expulsión litiásica, litiasis residual, presencia de calle litiásica y complicaciones. Se analizan los resultados con programa SPSS 17.0 considerando significación estadística p≤0,05. Resultados: De los 377 pacientes, 213 fueron hombres y 164 mujeres, con edad media 51,28 ± 12,77 años. El tamaño medio de las litiasis en diámetro máximo fue de 11,77 ± 6,13 mm. Se produce fragmentación de la litiasis en el 81,9% de los casos, con un porcentaje de litiasis residual tras la primera sesión de 58,7% y una tasa de expulsión total o parcial de fragmentos litiásicos del 68,3%, con un éxito global al finalizar las sesiones de litotricia del 69,8%. El Coeficiente de Eficiencia global fue de 0,42, más elevado en cáliz superior 0,51 y más bajo en cáliz medio 0,35, con diferencias significativas (p < 0,05). Las únicas diferencias encontradas se observan según tamaño litiásico (≤10 mm de diámetro máximo con respecto a >10mm) en relación al éxito del tratamiento con litotricia (75% versus 64,6%, (p = 0,006). Conclusión: El tratamiento con litotricia extracorpórea en litiasis de pequeño tamaño y en pacientes bien seleccionados obtiene buenos resultados con un bajo índice de complicaciones independientemente del sexo y del índice de masa corporal

Objectives: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is a minimally invasive therapeutic option for the treatment of renal-ureteral lithiasis. The aim of this study was to analyze the results and complications of shock wave extracorporeal lithotripsy treatment with the Dornier Gemini (R) Generator EMSE 220f-XXP device in patients with renal and ureteral lithiasis. Material and methods: Retrospective study including 377 patients with renal or ureteral lithiasis with indication for treatment with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. The following variables were analyzed, age, sex, body mass index, lithiasis size, lithiasis location, presence of urinary diversion, number of lithotripsy sessions, number of shock waves, fluoroscopy time, wave energy, applied focal energy coefficient, efficiency coefficient, lithiasic fragmentation, lithiasic clearance, residual lithiasis, presence of lithiasis and complications. The results were analyzed with SPSS 17.0 considering statistical significance p≤0.05. RESULTS: Of the 377 patients, 213 were men and 164 women, with a mean age of 51.28 ± 12.77 years. The mean size of the stones in maximum diameter was 11.77 ± 6.13 mm. Lithiasis fragmentation occurred in 81.9% of cases, with a percentage of residual lithiasis after the first session of 58.7% and a total or partial expulsion rate of lithiasis fragments of 68.3%, with global success at the end of sessions of lithotripsy of 69.8%.The overall Efficiency Ratio was 0.42, higher in upper calyx 0.51 and lower in medium calyx 0.35, with significant differences (p<0.05). The only differences were found in relation to the success of lithotripsy treatment (75% versus 64.6%, p=0.02), according to lithiasis size (≤10 mm maximum diameter in comparison to >10 mm). In patients with a DJ catheter there is a higher percentage of residual lithiasis (p=0.006). Conclusions: Treatment with extracorporeal lithotripsy in small lithiasis and in well-selected patients obtains good results with a low rate of complications regardless of sex and body mass index

Risk of renal stone formation in patients treated with luteinising hormone-releasing hormone analogues for prostate cancer: importance of bone metabolism and urine calcium.

PURPOSE: To determine whether androgen blockade produces metabolic changes in urine and increases the risk of calculi after 1 year of treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 38 patients, from the period April 2015 to June 2016, diagnosed with locally advanced prostate cancer or lymph node metastasis, and with an indication of androgen blockade. Androgen blockade was started with luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analogues, and a blood specimen, a fasting urine and 24-h urine were collected at the time of inclusion, and then at 1 year of follow-up. A study was performed at baseline and at 1 year with imaging tests. An analysis of the variables was performed with a p ≤ 0.05 considered as statistically significant. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients included in the study was 72.26 ± 6.75 years. As regards the biochemistry parameters, an increase in osteocalcin (from 16.28 ± 9.48 to 25.56 ± 12.09 ng/ml; p = 0.001) and an increase in ß-crosslaps (from 0.419 ± 0.177 to 0.743 ± 0.268 ng/ml; p = 0.0001) were observed. In the urinary parameters, a significant increase was observed in the fasting calcium/creatinine ratio (from 0.08 ± 0.06 to 0.13 ± 0.06; p = 0.002) and in the 24-h calcium renal excretion (from 117.69 ± 66.92 to 169.42 ± 107.18 mg; p = 0.0001). Calculi formation was observed in 12 of the 38 patients included (31.6%), with a mean size of 3.33 ± 1.31 mm. CONCLUSION: Treatment with LHRH analogues, as well as increasing the appearance of metabolic syndrome and speeding up the loss bone mineral density, causes an increase in fasting urine calcium.

[Etiopathogenic factors of the different types of urinary litiasis.] / Factores etiopatogénicos de los diferentes tipos de urolitiasis.

In this review, we analyze the etiopathogenic principles of urinary lithiasis formation. In the kidney, calcifications that may cause renal lithiasis are produced as a consequence of processes that injury the urothelium at the papilla and Bellini's ducts. With the improvement of imaging techniques, mainly micro CT scan, it is possible to detect them and we may be able to anticipate to the formation of lithiasis. As we well know, there are different factors that influence the formation of the calculi depending on their composition. In calcium lithiasis it is key to review the modification of the categories of hypercalciuria, we currently distinguish two types instead of three, thanks to the fasting calcium/ creatinine ratio, differentiating absorptive hypercalciuria and fasting hypercalciuria. In the fasting hypercalciuria, it is important to emphasize the relationship between this factor and the loss of bone mineral density in patients with recurrent renal calcic lithiasis, so that in this kind of patients it is compulsory the study of bone metabolism by bone remodelling markers and bone densitometry. Regarding the other factors that participate in the formation of calcium lithiasis we should specially emphasize on hypercalciuria and its growing increase because of its relationship with obesity and metabolic syndrome, as well as hipocitraturia, present in an important percentage of patients and related in some cases with metabolic acidosis and osteopenia-osteoporosis too. In relation to uric acid lithiasis it should be highlighted that urinary pH is the most determinant factor and, therefore, its control and modifications would be paramount for prevention of this type of lithiasis. In the infectious lithiasis, the presence of germs that split urea is mandatory. They generate ammonia ions with the ability to injure the urothelium and to form magnesium ammonium phosphate lithiasis mainly. Regarding cystine lithiasis, rare, it was classically divided in three types and now passed to be classified in type A and B depending on the muted gene, and it is more useful to perform direct 24-hour urine measurement than screening tests which have low sensitivity. In general, we tried to give a comprehensive view of the various types of lithiasis emphasizing the most interesting clinical points for the urologist.

Factores etiopatogénicos de los diferentes tipos de urolitiasis / Etiopathogenic factors of the different types of urinary litiasis

En este artículo de revisión se analizan los principios etiopatogénicos de la formación de la litiasis urinaria. A nivel renal, como consecuencia de procesos que lesionan el urotelio se producen calcificaciones a nivel de la papila y de los conductos de Bellini que pueden ser causantes de la formación del cálculo renal. Con la mejora de las pruebas de imagen, fundamentalmente micro-TAC es posible detectarlas y podemos ser capaces de anticiparnos a la formación de la litiasis. Como bien conocemos, existen diferentes factores que influyen en la formación del cálculo y que dependerán de la composición de la misma. En la litiasis cálcica es fundamental reseñar la modificación de los tipos de hipercalciuria, actualmente distinguimos dos tipos en lugar de tres, gracias al cociente calcio/creatinina de ayunas, diferenciándose hipercalciuria absortiva e hipercalciuria de ayunas. En la hipercalciuria de ayunas es importante destacar la relación que existe entre este factor y la pérdida de densidad mineral ósea en pacientes con litiasis renal cálcica recidivante, siendo por tanto preceptivo el estudio del metabolismo óseo mediante marcadores de remodelado óseo y densitometría ósea en este tipo de pacientes. Respecto a los otros factores que intervienen en la formación de la litiasis cálcica debemos hacer especial hincapié en la hipercalciuria y su creciente aumento por su relación con la obesidad y el síndrome metabólico, así como la hipocitraturia, presente en un porcentaje importante de pacientes y relacionada en algunos casos con acidosis metabólica y también osteopenia-osteoporosis. Con respecto a la litiasis de ácido úrico hay que destacar que el pH urinario es el factor más determinante y que por tanto el control y las modificaciones del mismo serán fundamentales en la prevención de este tipo de litiasis. En la litiasis infectiva es obligatorio la presencia de gérmenes que desdoblen la urea, generándose iones de amonio, capaces de lesionar el urotelio y de formar litiasis de fosfato amónico magnésico fundamentalmente. En cuanto a la litiasis de cistina, poco frecuente, clásicamente dividida en 3 tipos, ha pasado a dividirse en tipo A y B en función del gen mutado y resulta más útil su medición directa en orina de 24 horas que realizar test de screening que tienen baja sensibilidad. En líneas generales, hemos tratado de dar una visión de conjunto de los diferentes tipos de litiasis haciendo hincapié en aquellos puntos más interesantes desde el punto de vista clínico para el urólogo

In this review, we analyze the etiopathogenic principles of urinary lithiasis formation. In the kidney, calcifications that may cause renal lithiasis are produced as a consequence of processes that injury the urothelium at the papilla and Bellini´s ducts. With the improvement of imaging techniques, mainly micro CT scan, it is possible to detect them and we may be able to anticipate to the formation of lithiasis. As we well know, there are different factors that influence the formation of the calculi depending on their composition. In calcium lithiasis it is key to review the modification of the categories of hypercalciuria, we currently distinguish two types instead of three, thanks to the fasting calcium/ creatinine ratio, differentiating absorptive hypercalciuria and fasting hypercalciuria. In the fasting hypercalciuria, it is important to emphasize the relationship between this factor and the loss of bone mineral density in patients with recurrent renal calcic lithiasis, so that in this kind of patients it is compulsory the study of bone metabolism by bone remodelling markers and bone densitometry. Regarding the other factors that participate in the formation of calcium lithiasis we should specially emphasize on hypercalciuria and its growing increase because of its relationship with obesity and metabolic syndrome, as well as hipocitraturia, present in an important percentage of patients and related in some cases with metabolic acidosis and osteopenia-osteoporosis too. In relation to uric acid lithiasis it should be highlighted that urinary pH is the most determinant factor and, therefore, its control and modifications would be paramount for prevention of this type of lithiasis. In the infectious lithiasis, the presence of germs that split urea is mandatory. They generate ammonia ions with the ability to injure the urothelium and to form magnesium ammonium phosphate lithiasis mainly. Regarding cystine lithiasis, rare, it was classically divided in three types and now passed to be classified in type A and B depending on the muted gene, and it is more useful to perform direct 24-hour urine measurement than screening tests which have low sensitivity. In general, we tried to give a comprehensive view of the various types of lithiasis emphasizing the most interesting clinical points for the urologist

Hematospermia as a Rare Form of Presentation of Zinner Syndrome.

A 17-year-old adolescent boy was referred to the urology department of our institution for hematospermia after initiation of sexual relationship. A magnetic resonance imaging scan showed giant dilation of a multicystic left seminal vesicle with left renal agenesis. These findings are typical of the Zinner syndrome. In 70%-80% of the cases when renal agenesis is found, there is an ipsilateral cystic dilation of the seminal vesicle that in some cases may be associated with testicular ectopia or absence of the bladder trigone. The ejaculatory ducts, which are formed from the mesonephric system, are abnormally developed in these cases.

Estudio caso-control en hombres con liquen escleroso y atrófico genital / Case control study in men with sclerosus and atrophic genital lichen

Objetivo. Comparar los datos epidemiológicos de una muestra de pacientes con liquen escleroso genital versus un grupo control sin liquen escleroso genital. Material y métodos. Estudio caso-control que incluye 50 pacientes divididos en 2 grupos; grupo 1: 30 pacientes con liquen escleroatrófico genital y grupo 2: 20 pacientes sin liquen escleroatrófico. Se han estudiado variables clínicas, analíticas, antecedentes personales y hábitos de vida. El análisis estadístico se ha llevado a cabo mediante el programa SPSS 20.0, siendo la significación estadística p≤0,05. Resultados. La edad media de los pacientes del grupo 1 fue de 54,7años versus 52,5años en el grupo 2, sin que se observaran diferencias estadísticamente significativas. La principal diferencia observada entre los pacientes del grupo 1 y los del grupo 2 fue el índice de masa corporal, que fue más elevado en el grupo 1, 28,4kg/m2, con respecto al grupo 2, 23,4kg/m2 (p=0,0001), y el estado civil. No se observó una mayor prevalencia significativa en enfermedades autoinmunes en el grupo 1 respecto al grupo 2. Conclusión. Los pacientes con liquen escleroatrófico genital parecen tener mayor índice de masa corporal que los pacientes sin liquen, sin que exista una clara asociación con enfermedades autoinmunes, según los resultados de nuestro estudio (AU)

Objective. To compare epidemiologic dates in patients with sclerosus genital lichen versus control group without sclerosus genital lichen. Material and methods. Case-control study including 50 patients divided into 2 groups: Group 1: 30 patients with sclerosus and atrophic genital lichen and group 2: 20 patients without lichen sclerosus. Study of clinical variables, laboratory, medical history and lifestyle. Statistical analysis with SPSS 20.0 software and statistical significance P≤.05. Results. The mean age of patients in group 1 was 54.7 years versus 52.5 years in group 2, no statistically significant differences were observed. The main difference observed between patients in group 1 and group 2 was the BMI, which was higher in group 1, 28.4kg/m2, compared to group 2, 23.4kg/m2 (P=.0001) and marital status. It has not been observed significantly higher prevalence in autoimmune diseases in group 1 compared with group 2. Conclusion. Patients with genital sclerosus and atrophic lichen seem to be more body mass index than patients without lichen, without a clear association with autoimmune diseases according to the results of our study (AU)

[Is it possible to increase the specificity for the performance of prostatic biopsy in patients with PSA between 4 and 10 ng/ml and free/total PSA ratio < 20%]. / ¿ES POSSIBLE AUMENTAR LA ESPECIFICIDAD PARA LA REALIZACIÓN DE BIOPSIA PROSTÁTICA EN PACIENTES CON PSA ENTRE 4-10 NG/ML CON COCIENTE PSA LIBRE/PSA TOTAL < 20%?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the manner to increase specificity in the decision-making process for the performance of prostate biopsy. METHODS: We include in this study men with PSA between 4 and 10 ng/ml and free/total PSA < 20%, candidates for prostate biopsy. Patients receiving 5 alpha reductase inhibitors or with previous biopsies were excluded. Analyzed variables: total PSA, total testosterone, free and bioavailable testosterone, FSH, LH, SHBG, 17 hydroxyprogesterone, Androstenedione, prostatic volume measured by transrectal ultrasound, total testosterone/PSA, testosterone/free PSA, bio available testos-terone/PSA and PSA density, total testosterone/prostate volume, free testosterone/prostate volume and bioavailable testosterone/prostate volume. RESULTS: A total 109 patients have been included, divided into 2 groups according to the results of the biopsy. Significant differences were observed in prostatic volume (Group 1: 36.6cc and Group 2: 52.8 cc; p=0.04), PSA density (Group 1: 0.24 Group 2: 0.17; p=0.002), total testosterone/prostate volume (Group 1: 0.15 and Group 2: 0.10; p=0.02) free testosterone/prostate volume (Group 1: 0.002 Group 2: 0.001; p=0.01) and bioavailable testosterone/prostate volume (Group 1: 0.06 Group 2: 0.04; p=0.007). CONCLUSION: The decision for a prostate biopsy on patients with a PSA between 4-10 ng/ml with free/total ratio < 20% continues to be an issue, however, we can optimize decision using other parameters such as prostate volume, PSA density and bioavailable testosterone/prostate volume.

¿Es posible aumentar la especificidad para la realización de biopsia prostática en pacientes con PSA entre 4-10 ng/ml con cociente PSA libre/PSA total < 20%? / Is it possible to increase the specificity for the performance of prostatic biopsy in patients with PSA between 4 and 10 ng/ml and free/total PSA ratio 20%?

OBJETIVO: En la actualidad sigue siendo un problema la toma de decisión para realizar biopsia de próstata en pacientes con PSA entre 4-10 ng/ml, a pesar del uso del cociente PSA libre/ PSA total. El objetivo de este estudio es investigar la manera de aumentar la especificidad en la toma de decisión de la realización de biopsia de próstata en este tipo de pacientes. MÉTODOS: Desde enero a diciembre de 2014, se incluyen en este estudio hombres con PSA entre 4-10ng/ml y cociente PSA libre/ PSA total <20%, candidatos a biopsia de próstata. Se excluyen del estudio pacientes que estén tomando inhibidores de la 5 alfa-reductasa y pacientes con biopsias de próstata previamente realizadas. Se analiza edad, PSA total, testosterona total, libre y biodisponible, FSH, LH, SHBG, 17-hidroxiprogesterona, Androstendiona, volumen prostático (medido por ecografía transrectal), cocientes testosterona total/PSA, testosterona libre/PSA, testosterona biodisponible/PSA y Densidad de PSA, testosterona total/volumen próstata, testosterona libre/volumen próstata y testosterona biodisponible/volumen próstata. Análisis estadístico con SPSS 20,0 y significación estadística p≤0,05. RESULTADOS: Un total de 109 pacientes se incluyeron, divididos en 2 grupos según resultado de la biopsia. Grupo 1: 49 pacientes con biopsia de próstata positiva; Grupo 2: 60 pacientes con biopsia de próstata negativa. Se observan diferencias estadísticamente significativas en relación al volumen prostático (Grupo 1: 37,6 cc; Grupo 2: 52,8 cc; p = 0,04), densidad PSA (Grupo 1: 0,24; Grupo 2: 0,17; p = 0,002), testosterona total/volumen próstata (Grupo 1: 0,15; Grupo 2: 0,10; p = 0,02), testosterona libre/volumen próstata (Grupo 1: 0,002; Grupo 2: 0,001; p = 0,01) y testosterona biodisponible/volumen próstata (Grupo 1: 0,06; Grupo 2: 0,04; p = 0,007). Se realiza curva ROC para determinación de punto de corte con especificidad 90%, observando que un volumen de próstata menor a 60,7cc, una densidad de PSA mayor a 0,27 y un valor testosterona biodisponible/volumen próstata mayor a 0,07. CONCLUSIÓN: La decisión de biopsia de próstata en pacientes con PSA entre 4-10 ng/ml con cociente PSA libre/PSA total < 20% sigue siendo controvertida, no obstante podemos optimizar la decisión utilizando otros parámetros como el volumen de próstata, la densidad PSA y el cociente testosterona biodisponible/volumen próstata

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the manner to increase specificity in the decision-making process for the performance of prostate biopsy. METHODS: We include in this study men with PSA between 4 and 10 ng/ml and free/total PSA < 20%, candidates for prostate biopsy. Patients receiving 5 alpha reductase inhibitors or with previous biopsies were excluded. Analyzed variables: total PSA, total testosterone, free and bioavailable testosterone, FSH, LH, SHBG, 17 hydroxyprogesterone, Androstenedione, prostatic volume measured by transrectal ultrasound, total testosterone/PSA, testosterone/free PSA, bio available testosterone/PSA and PSA density, total testosterone/prostate volume, free testosterone/prostate volume and bioavailable testosterone/prostate volume. RESULTS: A total 109 patients have been included, divided into 2 groups according to the results of the biopsy. Significant differences were observed in prostatic volume (Group 1: 36.6cc and Group 2: 52.8 cc; p = 0.04), PSA density (Group 1: 0.24 Group 2: 0.17; p = 0.002), total testosterone/prostate volume (Group 1: 0.15 and Group 2: 0.10; p = 0.02) free testosterone/ prostate volume (Group 1: 0.002 Group 2: 0.001; p = 0.01) and bioavailable testosterone/prostate volume (Group 1: 0.06 Group 2: 0.04; p = 0.007). CONCLUSION: The decision for a prostate biopsy on patients with a PSA between 4-10 ng/ml with free/total ratio < 20% continues to be an issue, however, we can optimize decision using other parameters such as prostate volume, PSA density and bioavailable testosterone/prostate volume